Our eyes are one of the most precious parts of our body. It is with our eyes that we connect with the world – recognising faces and enjoying the beauty of nature, among other things. However, as our age advances, our eye health may get affected, sometimes rather drastically.
One of the most serious age-related eye issues is Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). It is an eye condition that may sound overwhelming – until we understand it well to take the first step toward managing it effectively.
This article intends to delve into what Wet AMD is, how it develops, the signs to watch out for, and the treatment options that can help preserve your sight.
What is Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration?
Wet AMD is a chronic eye disorder that affects the macula – the small central portion of the retina responsible for sharp, central vision. It is called “wet” because in this type of AMD, there is abnormal growth of such fragile blood vessels under the retina that they often leak fluid or blood. This is a development that damages the macula and distorts vision.
Although Wet AMD is less common than dry AMD, it progresses much more quickly to cause rapid and severe vision loss – if not treated promptly.
What are the Symptoms?
Wet AMD often begins suddenly and progresses rapidly. Some of the most common distinctive signs include:
| Symptom | Explanation |
| Distorted vision | Straight lines (like door frames or writing on paper) may appear wavy or bent. |
| Blind or empty spots in the centre of vision | You may find it hard to recognize faces or read. |
| Reduced central vision | Tasks requiring focus, like threading a needle or driving, become harder. |
| Faded colours | You may find it difficult to distinguish colours as colours might seem less bright or vivid. |
| Need for brighter light | You may require brighter light for daily tasks. Adapting to dim light is troublesome. |
It is important to note that Wet AMD does not affect peripheral (side) vision. So, even if you have this condition, you may still be able to move around, but reading and performing close-up tasks can become difficult.
What Causes Wet AMD?
The exact cause behind the condition has not been fully understood. However, several risk factors are linked to the development of Wet AMD:
1. Age: The risk increases significantly after the age of 60. That’s why it is called an age-related disease.
2. Genetics: If someone in your family has AMD, your chances of getting the disease are higher. Apart from that, certain genes have been linked to increased risk.
3. Smoking: It is one of the greatest risk factors. Smokers are two to three times more likely to develop AMD than nonsmokers.
4. High blood pressure & cardiovascular disease: Poor blood circulation can affect the blood vessels in the eyes, which may lead to AMD.
5. Obesity and poor diet: Excessive weight coupled with a lack of nutrients such as antioxidants, zinc, and omega-3 fatty acids can increase the risk.
6. Excessive sun exposure: Over time, UV rays from the sun may damage the retina, increasing the risk of AMD.
How is Wet AMD Diagnosed?
If you are experiencing any of the symptoms mentioned above or other changes in vision, especially in the centre of your field of view, consult an eye specialist immediately. Early diagnosis is the key to saving the remaining vision.
For diagnosing Wet AMD, your eye specialist analyses your medical and family history, followed by a comprehensive eye examination. They typically perform the following tests:
Examination of the Back of the Eye:
Eye drops are used to dilate them. A special tool is then used to examine the back part of the eye. Doctors look for signs of the condition – a mottled appearance caused by macular degeneration.
1. An Amsler Grid Test:
An Amsler grid is a simple pattern of straight black lines with a black dot in the centre. It helps detect changes in the centre of the vision. If you have AMD, some of the lines in the grid may look wavy, faded, distorted, or broken.
2. Fluorescein Angiography:
A dye is injected into a vein in the arm. The dye reaches the eye and highlights its blood vessels. A special camera is used to take pictures of the blood vessels as the dye travels. The images may reveal leaking blood vessels or changes in the retina.
3. Indocyanine Green Angiography:
This test also makes use of an injected dye. It may be used to verify the results of a fluorescein angiography or to identify problematic blood vessels deep inside the retina.
4. Optical Coherence Tomography:
It is a noninvasive imaging test that shows detailed cross-sectional images of the retina – to assess retinal thickness and fluid accumulation. This test also helps monitor the retina’s response to macular degeneration treatments.
5. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Angiography:
A dye-free and non-invasive imaging test, it is used to visualize blood flow in retinal and choroidal vessels, helping identify abnormal vessel growth. It shows detailed cross-sections of the retina – to detect areas affected by thinning, thickening or swelling.
Treatment Options for Wet AMD
Wet AMD treatments may help slow down the progression of the condition and save existing vision. Early treatment may also help recover some lost vision.
Medicines
Anti-VEGF drugs may help restrict the growth of new blood vessels. These medications block the effects of growth signals that the body sends to produce new blood vessels. They are generally the first treatment for all stages of the condition.
These medicines are injected into the affected eye – typically every 4 to 6 weeks to maintain their effectiveness. In some instances, they may also aid partial recovery of vision as the blood vessels shrink, and the fluid under the retina is absorbed by the retina.
Therapies
1. Photodynamic Therapy
It is a possible treatment for the irregular growth of blood vessels in Wet AMD. A special medicine is injected in the arm. This medicine reaches the blood vessels in the eye. It gets activated when light from a special laser is focused on the affected blood vessels in the eye. The procedure closes the blood vessels, and stops the leakage.
PDT may help slow down vision loss in certain cases, especially when combined with other treatments, but vision improvement is less common.
2. Laser Photocoagulation
In this therapy, a high-energy laser beam is used to seal the abnormal blood vessels under the macula. It helps stop bleeding in the vessels, thereby minimising further damage to the macula.
It is not a preferred treatment option these days because there is a risk of surrounding healthy tissue getting damaged, and the availability of better alternatives.
3. Low Vision Rehabilitation
AMD does not affect side vision. Also, it does not typically cause total blindness. But it can impact or eliminate central vision. You require central vision to recognize people’s faces, read, and drive.
It may be helpful to approach a low vision rehabilitation specialist, an occupational therapist, an eye specialist, and others trained to help with low vision rehabilitation. They can assist you in adjusting with changing vision.
Living with Wet AMD: Coping & Care
It can be emotionally overwhelming to be diagnosed with Wet AMD. And the reason is clear – its adverse impact on everyday activities. Yet many individuals continue to live fulfilling and independent lives with the right treatment and support.
Tips to Manage Daily Life
- Use magnifying devices for reading and other hobbies.
- Increase lighting in your home to improve visibility.
- Organize your space so that you can find things easily by touch.
- Consult low vision rehabilitation specialists to learn how to adapt to vision loss.
- Be very particular about your eye checkup and treatment regimen.
Preventing or Slowing AMD Progression
You can lower your risk of the condition or slow down its progression with some healthy lifestyle habits:
- Quit smoking
- Eat a balanced diet – rich in green leafy vegetables, fish, and fruits
- Maintain a healthy weight
- Keep your blood pressure under control
- Exercise regularly to support overall vascular health
- Wear sunglasses with UV protection
- Have regular eye checkups, especially after the age of 60
Final Thoughts
Wet AMD is a serious condition, but early diagnosis and timely treatment can preserve your vision and quality of life. If you or a loved one notices any change in central vision, don’t wait – see an eye doctor right away.
While in earlier times, blindness was almost certain with Wet AMD, modern treatments allow for effective management of the condition. With awareness, timely care, and emotional support, you can continue to lead an active and meaningful life.
If you are looking for the best retina care hospital in Mohali, Sohana Hospital definitely deserves a mention. Serving patients in India and from abroad, the hospital is famous for its exemplary eyecare services.
Remember: Your vision is invaluable. Stay informed, stay proactive, and never ignore changes in your sight.
